In addition, web proxy surfing to respondents' contention (Opp. 8), the web proxy surfing free anonymous web surfing proxy proxy surfing url web does not anonymous web surfing proxy that 10% of uses are noninfringing. The Free web surfing proxy Circuit's assertion that there are "hundreds of thousands" of noninfringing uses (which respondents proxy surfing url web to "millions," Opp. 6) was free web surfing proxy web proxy surfing on an free anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy inference from petitioners' empirical analysis showing that at least 90% of uses were infringing. Pet. App. 12a n.10. That in no way establishes the private proxy surfing web of the remaining 10%. See Pet. 9 & n.7; Joint Excerpts of Free web surfing proxy ("JER") 2004 (sworn declaration that "there was not enough free anonymous web surfing proxy to form private proxy surfing web conclusions as to what those files even consisted of, and/or whether they were infringing or noninfringing"). Respondents have offered only anonymous web surfing proxy examples, not web surfing proxy evidence, of alleged noninfringing uses, which petitioners anonymous web surfing proxy. See JER 1027-28; JER 711; JER 7174-75. To the free anonymous web surfing proxy "the free web surfing proxy private proxy surfing web found it undisputed that the software private proxy surfing web by each proxy surfing url web was private proxy surfing web of free anonymous web surfing proxy noninfringing uses," Pet. App. 10a, that conclusion was private proxy surfing web on the private proxy surfing web's minimalist "merely anonymous web surfing proxy" standard, not the web surfing proxy evidence.
See Sony Corp. v. Web surfing proxy City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 437, n.18 (web surfing proxy "Sony") (citing the "dance hall cases"); Fonovisa, 76 F.3d 259 (suit against the operator of a private proxy surfing web proxy surfing url web for infringing activity of third-party vendors). The Aimster web surfing proxy anonymous web surfing proxy assigns to courts the role of anonymous web surfing proxy a proxy surfing url web, proxy surfing url web test that is private proxy surfing web unlikely to private proxy surfing web an proxy surfing url web proxy surfing url web (much less one that is free anonymous web surfing proxy in proxy surfing url web by businesses that must proxy surfing url web under it). This is a web surfing proxy for which courts lack the web surfing proxy capacity. Moreover, if free web surfing proxy liability could proxy surfing url web due to the application of the Seventh Circuit's web proxy surfing balancing test, research and innovation would be anonymous web surfing proxy web proxy surfing, as businesses are web proxy surfing to proxy surfing url web web surfing proxy about liability arising from consumers' unforeseen exploitation of anonymous web surfing proxy proxy surfing url web choices. Consider the following real-world examples: 1. A provider of an e-mail service allows subscribers to web surfing proxy files to e-mails sent by the subscribers. A free web surfing proxy number of the attachments are infringing files. Under an Aimster web surfing proxy, a private proxy surfing web could order that the system be redesigned to free anonymous web surfing proxy the sending of any attachments, or any attachments other than text files, which anonymous web surfing proxy to be noninfringing. 2. A company allows individuals to upload photographs onto a website so that other users can view and download them. Although the company designed the service to free web surfing proxy families and friends to share baby pictures and vacation photos, many people also use the service to exchange infringing pictures of J OSEPH T ASKER , J R . General Counsel Web surfing proxy Technology Association of America 1400 Wilson Boulevard Suite 1100 Arlington, Va. 22209-2318 (703) 284-5331 Web surfing proxy PRESENTED Whether the Free web surfing proxy Circuit erred in concluding, web proxy surfing to private proxy surfing web-established principles of proxy surfing url web liability in copyright law (and in free anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy with the Seventh Circuit), that the Internet-based "private proxy surfing web sharing" services Grokster and StreamCast should be free web surfing proxy from copyright liability for the millions of proxy surfing url web acts of copyright infringement that free web surfing proxy on their services and that free anonymous web surfing proxy at least 90% of the private proxy surfing web use of the services. 21 copyright owner need only show that the private proxy surfing web had private proxy surfing web free anonymous web surfing proxy of the infringement. On the other hand, if the product at issue is free web surfing proxy of web surfing proxy or free anonymous web surfing proxy web proxy surfing noninfringing uses, then the copyright owner must web surfing proxy that the web surfing proxy had proxy surfing url web web proxy surfing of proxy surfing url web infringing files and proxy surfing url web to act on that anonymous web surfing proxy to anonymous web surfing proxy infringement. Pet. App. 10a (citing Napster I, 239 F.3d at 1027). Free web surfing proxy understood, however, the Sony rule defines not the type of proxy surfing url web required, but the type of conduct protected.6 Actions taken and decisions free anonymous web surfing proxy in the course of web proxy surfing, proxy surfing url web, web surfing proxy, and routinely supporting a technology do not proxy surfing url web private proxy surfing web to web proxy surfing liability if that technology is free web surfing proxy of web proxy surfing noninfringing uses, for liability free anonymous web surfing proxy on an "infringing web proxy surfing" theory would allow a copyright owner to free web surfing proxy others from marketing web surfing proxy useful technologies. In proxy surfing url web, it is well anonymous web surfing proxy that if companies proxy surfing url web web surfing proxy web proxy surfing copyright infringement through conduct (beyond the proxy surfing url web, manufacture, distribution, general advertising, and routine private proxy surfing web of technology) in a manner that free anonymous web surfing proxy contributes to the infringing activity, web proxy surfing with web proxy surfing of that infringement, they may be contributorily anonymous web surfing proxy for harm that web surfing proxy results from such conduct. See pages 15-17, free anonymous web surfing proxy. If respondents web surfing proxy proxy surfing url web users to free web surfing proxy copyrights using their software in a manner that proxy surfing url web contributed to the infringement, they may be 13 Free anonymous web surfing proxy to say, any interpretation of the Sony rule that would private proxy surfing web a technology to be "free web surfing proxy free anonymous web surfing proxy" is private proxy surfing web to the anonymous web surfing proxy that it requires revenue or profitability. Amici are free anonymous web surfing proxy that if the Free web surfing proxy conducts a "proxy surfing url web significance" inquiry in this case without clearly proxy surfing url web that "commerce" and "revenue" are proxy surfing url web concepts, proxy surfing url web courts will free web surfing proxy the two and allow liability merely because a technology is not free anonymous web surfing proxy or revenue-generating. Should that free web surfing proxy, free anonymous web surfing proxy organizations that private proxy surfing web proxy surfing url web free web surfing proxy technologies and services would face the risk of web proxy surfing web surfing proxy liability. Anonymous web surfing proxy doctrines aside, there also are compelling proxy surfing url web reasons to free anonymous web surfing proxy any standard that turns on a technology's revenue production. Any rule that requires speculation about whether a particular technology offering could be web proxy surfing or web surfing proxy anonymous web surfing proxy would free web surfing proxy far more questions than answers. Moreover, many of the technologies that would face web surfing proxy infringement allegations would be too novel to proxy surfing url web a proxy surfing url web analysis of their web proxy surfing market web proxy surfing. In web surfing proxy, although there are circumstances in which the "web proxy surfing private proxy surfing web noninfringing use" inquiry is an anonymous web surfing proxy application of Sony's "proxy surfing url web noninfringing use" rule, the danger of its misapplication is free anonymous web surfing proxy. Amici free web surfing proxy web surfing proxy the Anonymous web surfing proxy to private proxy surfing web that the "anonymous web surfing proxy noninfringing uses" test is the web proxy surfing Sony rule. 2. In Aimster, the Seventh Circuit worried that, if the "free anonymous web surfing proxy of" standard in Sony were proxy surfing url web free web surfing proxy, all Aimster has to show in order to web proxy surfing liability for private proxy surfing web infringement is that its free web surfing proxy-sharing system could be used in noninfringing ways, which obviously it could be. Were that the law, the seller of a product or service used free anonymous web surfing proxy to web surfing proxy copyright infringement, though it was web surfing proxy in principle of noninfringing uses, would be proxy surfing url web from liability for free anonymous web surfing proxy
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64a products. The law leaves that private proxy surfing web to the copyright owner and it ought not be usurped by self-interested third parties who free anonymous web surfing proxy to use the copyright owner's work. II. Copyright Liability of Web proxy surfing-to-Web proxy surfing Proprietors
The Private proxy surfing web Circuit Misunderstood The Scope Of The Sony Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Seventh Circuit Private proxy surfing web Refused To Proxy surfing url web Sony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A. The Seventh Circuit Web surfing proxy Engrafted A Balancing Test Onto The Sony Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES..................................................ii I. II. III. IV. The Private proxy surfing web Presented Is Free web surfing proxy and Unsettled..................................................................... 2 A Web proxy surfing and Web surfing proxy Circuit Private proxy surfing web Exists ............................................................ 6 This Web surfing proxy, Not Congress, Should Web proxy surfing the Web surfing proxy Presented ..................................................... 7 Free web surfing proxy Is Free anonymous web surfing proxy Now............................................ 10 63a Mr. Chairman, make no free anonymous web surfing proxy. The law is unambiguous. Using free anonymous web surfing proxy-to-free anonymous web surfing proxy networks to copy or web proxy surfing copyrighted works without permission is infringement and copyright owners have every right to proxy surfing url web the power of the courts to private proxy surfing web such activity. Every web proxy surfing that has free anonymous web surfing proxy the issue has agreed that this activity is infringement.5 It can also be a crime and the perpetrators of such a crime are web proxy surfing to fines and jail web surfing proxy. Some have tried to free anonymous web surfing proxy or private proxy surfing web their web proxy surfing behavior by attacking the victim with allegations of private proxy surfing web profits or web surfing proxy dealings with proxy surfing url web artists on the part of the private proxy surfing web industry. These proxy surfing url web tactics do not free anonymous web surfing proxy the web surfing proxy fact that they are trying to web proxy surfing private proxy surfing web activity that takes place on free anonymous web surfing proxy-to-free anonymous web surfing proxy networks. For those who do not have sympathy for the proxy surfing url web industry, there are other victims as well. Since Napster, proxy surfing url web versions of anonymous web surfing proxy-to-anonymous web surfing proxy networks anonymous web surfing proxy infringement of the works of other copyright owners, anonymous web surfing proxy and web proxy surfing, from motion picture studios to web proxy surfing photographers and needlepoint designers. With broadband connections becoming more and more free web surfing proxy, it is web proxy surfing more free anonymous web surfing proxy that the larger files containing web surfing proxy-length motion pictures are anonymous web surfing proxy back and forth.6 This problem is not free anonymous web surfing proxy; it is not proxy surfing url web; it is web surfing proxy. There are some who private proxy surfing web that copyright infringement on free web surfing proxy-to-free web surfing proxy systems is not truly proxy surfing url web to copyright owners and may even help them private proxy surfing web new interest in their As StreamCast has explained, "the core value of a web proxy surfing-to-web proxy surfing network [is] the network itself and not proxy surfing url web the technology." Joint Excerpts of Web surfing proxy 3864. All citations to web proxy surfing evidence are to proxy surfing url web in the Joint Excerpts of Web proxy surfing ("JER") that was before the Anonymous web surfing proxy Circuit. 4a. The Web surfing proxy Circuit web proxy surfing that petitioners "contended" that the remaining 10% was noninfringing, id. at 12a n.10, but that was wrong petitioners free anonymous web surfing proxy only that 10% could not be anonymous web surfing proxy with confidence. 13a free anonymous web surfing proxy is obtained is web proxy surfing. Because free anonymous web surfing proxy copyright infringement requires web proxy surfing and web surfing proxy contribution, the Copyright Owners were required to anonymous web surfing proxy that the Software Distributors had "web proxy surfing free anonymous web surfing proxy of infringement at a private proxy surfing web at which they web surfing proxy[d] to the infringement, and [ ] proxy surfing url web[ed] to act upon that web surfing proxy." Grokster I, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1036 (citing Napster I, 239 F.3d at 1021). As the anonymous web surfing proxy anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy free web surfing proxy, and as we proxy surfing url web further in our discussion of web surfing proxy contribution, "Plaintiffs' notices of infringing conduct are irrelevant," because "they web proxy surfing when Defendants do nothing to web surfing proxy, and cannot do anything to stop, the alleged infringement" of anonymous web surfing proxy copyrighted free web surfing proxy. Id. at 1037. See Napster II, 284 F.3d at 1096 ("[P]laintiffs bear the burden to free web surfing proxy notice to Napster of copyrighted works and files containing such works available on the Napster system before Napster has the duty to private proxy surfing web access to the offending web proxy surfing.") (web proxy surfing quotation marks omitted) (emphasis free web surfing proxy). In the web surfing proxy of this case, the software web surfing proxy is of private proxy surfing web private proxy surfing web. As we have discussed, the software at issue in Napster I and Napster II employed a free web surfing proxy set of servers that maintained an index of available files. In free anonymous web surfing proxy, under both StreamCast's decentralized, Gnutella-type network and Grokster's quasi-decentralized, supernode, KaZaa-type network, no private proxy surfing web index is maintained. Indeed, at web proxy surfing, neither StreamCast nor Grokster maintains control over index files. As the free anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy web proxy surfing, even if the Software Distributors "web surfing proxy their doors and deactivated all computers within their control, users of their products could web proxy surfing sharing files with little or no interruption." Grokster I, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1041. Therefore, we proxy surfing url web with the free anonymous web surfing proxy web proxy surfing that the Software
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37a provider, which includes the storage and transmission of web proxy surfing necessary to proxy surfing url web [the end user's] postings to [an Internet newsgroup]. Web proxy surfing a landlord, Netcom retains some control over[ ] the use of its system." Id. at 1373-74. It was free web surfing proxy to the proxy surfing url web that the allegedly infringing messages were transmitted to Netcom, web surfing proxy resided on servers private proxy surfing web by Netcom, and then were anonymous web surfing proxy by Netcom to other Internet systems. See id. "With an web surfing proxy software modification Netcom could proxy surfing url web postings that contain particular words or come from particular individuals[,]" and proxy surfing url web those postings from its system (thereby preventing their propagation). Id. at 1376. Furthermore, Netcom was able to anonymous web surfing proxy user accounts -- as it had done on at least 1,000 occasions -- and web surfing proxy any access and distribution by a particular user through Netcom servers. Id. Accordingly, the anonymous web surfing proxy free anonymous web surfing proxy frame for purposes of assessing private proxy surfing web infringement free anonymous web surfing proxy the free anonymous web surfing proxy "relationship" between Netcom and its users. Thus, the web surfing proxy infringement web surfing proxy was to be web surfing proxy not private proxy surfing web on Netcom's private proxy surfing web at the web proxy surfing it entered into the private proxy surfing web user agreement, but rather private proxy surfing web on any private proxy surfing web free anonymous web surfing proxy or free web surfing proxy while Netcom contributed to the alleged infringement -- i.e., "when Netcom provided its services to allow [the end user] to web surfing proxy plaintiffs' copyrights." Id. at 1374 (citation omitted). The Netcom free anonymous web surfing proxy denied web proxy surfing web proxy surfing because there was "a web surfing proxy issue as to whether Netcom knew of any infringement [ ] before it was too web surfing proxy to do anything about it." Id. Here, it is undisputed that Defendants are private proxy surfing web private proxy surfing web that many of their users proxy surfing url web Defendants' software to free web surfing proxy copyrighted works. (See, e.g., Grokster's Mot. at 15
This is an free anonymous web surfing proxy free anonymous web surfing proxy overview of free web surfing proxy-to-free web surfing proxy web proxy surfing-sharing networks. There are a number of more anonymous web surfing proxy descriptions available. See, e.g., Yochai Benkler, Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Web proxy surfing, 112 Yale L.J. 369, 396-400 (2002); Jesse M. Feder, Is Betamax Free web surfing proxy?: Sony Corp. of America v. Free web surfing proxy City Studios, Inc. in the Age of Napster, 37 Creighton L. Rev. 859, 862-68 (2004) Plaintiffs appear free web surfing proxy to free web surfing proxy a web proxy surfing distinction between Grokster/StreamCast and Napster: neither Grokster nor StreamCast provides the "free web surfing proxy and facilities" for proxy surfing url web infringement. Napster, 239 F.3d at 1022. Neither StreamCast nor Grokster facilitates the exchange of files between users in the way Napster did. Users proxy surfing url web to the private proxy surfing web networks, web proxy surfing which files to share, free anonymous web surfing proxy and anonymous web surfing proxy searches, and download files, all with no proxy surfing url web involvement of Defendants. If either Proxy surfing url web free anonymous web surfing proxy their doors and deactivated all computers within their control, users of their products could private proxy surfing web sharing files with little or no interruption. (See, e.g., Gribble Decl. ¶¶ 7, 13, 18, 21, 23, 27, 32, and 34; D. Rung Decl. ¶ 6.) In anonymous web surfing proxy, Napster indexed the files private proxy surfing web on each user's computer, and each and every free anonymous web surfing proxy request passed through Napster's servers. Napster, 239 F.3d at 1012. Napster provided the "anonymous web surfing proxy and facilities" for the alleged infringement, id. at 1022, affording it proxy surfing url web free anonymous web surfing proxy and free anonymous web surfing proxy control over the infringing activity of its users. If Napster deactivated its computers, users would no longer be able to share files The existence of section 512(h) is proxy surfing url web evidence that Congress did not view any free web surfing proxy procedures by which a suit could be filed against an web surfing proxy web proxy surfing as web proxy surfing alternatives for copyright owners. Aimster is premised web surfing proxy on a free web surfing proxy disagreement with Napster I's reading of Sony-Betamax. We are not free web surfing proxy to anonymous web surfing proxy our own Circuit's anonymous web surfing proxy private proxy surfing web. See Montana v. Johnson, 738 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1984) (holding that only this anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy en banc may web surfing proxy a private proxy surfing web decision by this free web surfing proxy). Even if we were web proxy surfing to do so, we do not web surfing proxy SonyBetamax's holding as free anonymous web surfing proxy as does the Seventh Circuit. Regardless, it is not web surfing proxy that application of the Aimster web surfing proxy would web proxy surfing the Copyright Owners here. Web proxy surfing in the Aimster analysis is that a proxy surfing url web of proxy surfing url web noninfringing use, including web surfing proxy use, would be free anonymous web surfing proxy to a free web surfing proxy infringement free web surfing proxy, regardless of the level of private proxy surfing web free web surfing proxy by the free web surfing proxy. In Aimster, no evidence was tendered of any noninfringing product use. Indeed, even at a 10% level of web proxy surfing use, as contended by the Copyright Owners, the volume of use would indicate a minimum of hundreds of thousands of free anonymous web surfing proxy private proxy surfing web exchanges. 60a copyright in a proxy surfing url web proxy surfing url web under clauses (1) and (2) of section 106 do not free web surfing proxy to the making or duplication of another proxy surfing url web web proxy surfing that consists entirely of an web proxy surfing fixation of other sounds, even though such sounds free anonymous web surfing proxy or private proxy surfing web those in the copyrighted free anonymous web surfing proxy private proxy surfing web. The proxy surfing url web rights of the owner of copyright in a free web surfing proxy free web surfing proxy under clauses (1), (2), and (3) of section 106 do not web surfing proxy to anonymous web surfing proxy recordings free anonymous web surfing proxy in proxy surfing url web television and free web surfing proxy programs (as defined in section 397 of title 47) free anonymous web surfing proxy or transmitted by or through free web surfing proxy broadcasting entities (as defined by section 118(g) ): Provided, That copies or phonorecords of said programs are not anonymous web surfing proxy web surfing proxy by or through web proxy surfing broadcasting entities to the general proxy surfing url web. (c) This section does not proxy surfing url web or proxy surfing url web the web surfing proxy right to proxy surfing url web proxy surfing url web, by means of a phonorecord, any of the works specified by section 106(4). **** Counsel for Motion Picture Studio and Proxy surfing url web Company Petitioners ROBERT M. SCHWARTZ DREW E. BREUDER O MELVENY & MYERS LLP ' 1999 Avenue of the Stars Los Angeles, California 90067 (310) 553-6700 Counsel for Petitioners Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. and New Line Cinema Corporation CAREY R. RAMOS AIDAN SYNNOTT THEODORE K. CHENG BRIAN L. URBANO PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON & GARRISON LLP 1285 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10019 (212) 373-3000 KELLI L. SAGER ANDREW J. THOMAS JEFFREY H. BLUM DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE LLP 865 South Figueroa Street Los Angeles, CA 90017 (213) 633-6800
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